Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of bacterial pneumonia include a mild upper respiratory tract infection, followed by the sudden onset of high fever (40.6°C), chills, cough, rapid breathing, and sometimes pain on either or both sides of the chest. In infants the respiratory distress may cause flaring of the nostrils, retractions (pulling in) of the soft spaces of the chest, and grunting sounds when the child breathes out.
The onset of viral pneumonia is gradual, creating symptoms of headache, fatigue, fever of variable degrees (37.8°C-40.6°C), a sore throat, and a severe, dry cough.
The diagnosis requires careful examination of the chest, X rays, a complete blood count, and sometimes cultures of the blood and, in older children, the sputum (the coughed-up discharge).
Home care
Many cases of viral pneumonia are mild and are not recognized as pneumonia at all. You may assume that the child has a cold and give cold remedies. The pneumonia then clears up on its own after ten to 14 days.
If signs of respiratory distress as listed above are present, the child should be seen by a doctor.
Precautions
• Sudden worsening of a cold accompanied by high fever, cough, chills, chest pain, or rapid breathing suggests pneumonia.
• In infants, flaring of the nostrils, pulling in of the chest, and grunting breathing are serious symptoms and require immediate medical care.
• In children, sputum tinged with blood may or may not be serious, but it indicates the need for a doctor’s attention.
Medical treatment
Your doctor will diagnose pneumonia by means of a physical examination and laboratory tests. In the past a child with pneumonia was always hospitalized. Now, only the youngest and the most severely ill are hospitalized.
Most pneumonias respond to antibiotics. A patient with pneumococcal pneumonia will recover rapidly once antibiotics are begun. Another, with a streptococcal or staphylococcal infection, may require in-hospital administration of the antibiotics. Mycoplasma pneumonia responds to some antibiotics, but viral pneumonias do not. For viral pneumonias, your doctor will recommend rest, plenty of fluids, and time for the condition to run its course.
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